Texas Environmental Almanac, Chapter 2, Water Quality, NOTES

NOTES

1. Andrew Dzurick, Water Resources Planning (Savage, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1990), 56.

2. Andrew Dzurick, Water Resources Planning (Savage, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1990), 56.

3. American Rivers, North America's Most Endangered and Threatened Rivers of 1993 (Washington, DC: American Rivers, 1993), executive summary.

4. Joseph Petulla, American Environmental History (Columbus, OH: Merill Publishing Company, 1988), 413.

5. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Investments: The Costs of a Clean Environment (Washington, DC: EPA, November 1990); as reported in United States General Accounting Office, Environmental Infrastructure: Effects of Limits on Certain Tax-Exempt Bonds (Washington, DC: GAO, October 1993), 18 -20.

6. Andrew Dzurick, Water Resources Planning (Savage, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 1990), 72.

7. Texas Water Commission. Summary Report: Regional Assessment of Water Quality Pursuant to the Texas Clean Rivers Act (Austin: TWC, 1992), 12.

8. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, The State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 12th edition (Austin: TNRCC, 1995), 18.

9. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, The State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 12th Edition (Austin: TNRCC, 1995), 21.

10. Texas Water Commission, The State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 11th edition (Austin: TWC, 1992), 8.

11. Raymond Gabler and the Editors of Consumer Reports Books, Is Your Water Safe to Drink? (Mt. Vernon, NY: Consumers Union, 1988), 21.

12. Environmental Protection Agency, Is Your Drinking Water Safe? (Washington, DC: EPA, September 1991), 4.

13. Environmental Protection Agency, Safe Drinking Water Act: Phase II Fact Sheet (Washington, DC: EPA, January 1991), 2.

14. Texas Water Commission, The State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 11th edition (Austin: TWC, 1992), 169.

15. Tommy Knowles, Texas Water Development Board, phone interview with Texas Center for Policy Studies, August 1994.

16. Laura Koesters, Director, Office of Water Resources Management, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, interview with Texas Center for Policy Studies, February 1994.

17. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 12th Edition (Austin: TNRCC,1995), 14.

18. Texas Water Commission, Summary Report: Regional Assessments of Water Quality Pursuant to the Texas Clean Rivers Act (Austin: TWC, 1992), xxxix.

19. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 12th Edition (Austin: TNRCC, 1995), 14.

20. Clean Water Act of 1972.

21. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, "The New Texas Environment: The State of Our Land, Air, and Water in 1994," The Texas Environment (Spring 1994), 9.

22. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, "The New Texas Environment: The State of Our Land, Air, and Water in 1994," The Texas Environment (Spring 1994), 9.

23. Texas' coastal resources are discussed later in this chapter.

24. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, The State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 12th Edition (Austin: TNRCC, 1995), 127.

25. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, The State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 12th Edition (Austin: TNRCC, 1995), 127.

26. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, The State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 12th Edition (Austin: TNRCC, 1995), 132.

27. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, The State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 12th Edition (Austin: TNRCC, 1995), 131.

28. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, The State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 12th Edition (Austin: TNRCC, 1995), 132.

29. See Environmental Protection Agency, Water Quality Standards Handbook (Washington, DC: EPA, 1993).

30. Information provided by Environmental Protection Agency, Region VI.

31. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, The State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 12th Edition (Austin: TNRCC, 1995), 129 - 132.

32. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, The State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 12th Edition (Austin: TNRCC, 1995), 91-95.

33. Texas Engineering and Extension Service, Texas A & M University System, Basic Wastewater Operation, (College Station: Texas Engineering Extention Service, 1994), 4-2.

34. Vickie Reat, Toxicity Evaluation Team Leader, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, interview with Texas Center for Policy Studies, February 1994.

35. Texas Engineering and Extension Service, Texas A & M University System, Basic Wastewater Operation, (College Station: Texas Engineering Extention Service, 1994), 4-10.

36. Vickie Reat, Toxicity Evaluation Team Leader, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, interview with Texas Center for Policy Studies, February 1994.

37. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992 Toxics Release Inventory: Public Data Release (Washington, DC: EPA, April 1994), 14-16.

38. It is important to note that the TRI data under-represents the problem of toxic chemical releases because only large manufacturers and processors are required to report to the state; other producers of toxics such as agricultural operations, gas stations, vehicles, incinerators, government facilities like military installations and hazardous landfills are not required to submit information; enforcement is lax and many facilities do not report; and many toxics recognized as known or probable carcinogens are not included in the list of 332 toxic chemicals. (Texas Citizens Action, Poisons in Our Neighborhoods: Toxic Pollution in Texas. September 1992: 4-5).

39. Ken Zarker, Office of Pollution Prevention, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, interview with Texas Center for Policy Studies, July 1994.

40. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992 Toxics Release Inventory:Public Data Release (Washington, DC: EPA, April 1994), Tables 1-3 and 1-4.

41. Information from the Toxics Release Inventory Program, Office of Pollution Prevention and Recycling, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission.

42. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992 Toxics Release Inventory:Public Data Release (Washington, DC: EPA, April 1994), Table 1-4.

43. Information from Toxics Release Inventory Program, Office of Pollution Prevention and Recycling, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission.

44. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, Texas Water Quality Inventory, 12th Edition (Austin: TNRCC, 1995), 257.

45. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, Texas Water Quality Inventory, 12th Edition (Austin: TNRCC, 1995), 251.

46. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, Texas Water Quality Inventory, 12th Edition (Austin: TNRCC, 1995), 256.

47. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, Texas Water Quality Inventory, 12th Edition (Austin: TNRCC, 1995), 256.

48. Information from database of Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, "Administrative Penalties."

49. Texas Water Development Board, Water and Wastewater Needs of Texas Colonias: 1995 Update (Austin: TWDB, 1995), 1.

50. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, "The New Texas Environment: The State of Our Land, Air, and Water in 1994," The Texas Environment (Spring 1994), 9.

51. For a good discussion of alternative systems used in Texas see Michael Barret and Joseph Malina, Wastewater Treatment Systems for Small Communities: A Guide for Local Government Officials (Austin: Center for Research in Water Resources, University of Texas, September 1991).

52. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, International Boundary and Water Commission Sanitation Issues (Fort Worth: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, September 1992).

53. World Resources Institute, The 1992 Information Please Environmental Almanac (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co, 1992), 90.

54. Arthur Tally, Watershed Management Division, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, interview with Texas Center for Policy Studies, February 1994.

55. Texas Water Commission, 1990 Update to the Non-Point-Source Water Pollution Management Report for the State of Texas (Austin: TWC, 1990), Tables B-1 - B-5; and Texas Water Commission, Texas Water Quality Inventory, 11th Edition (Austin: TWC, 1992), 16.

56. Texas Water Commission, 1990 Update to the Non-Point-Source Water Pollution Management Report for the State of Texas (Austin: TWC, 1990), Tables B-1 - B-5; and Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, The State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 12th Edition (Austin: TNRCC, 1995), 261 - 265.

57. Subchapter B: Livestock and Poultry Production Operations: 321.32

58. The ordinance in Austin, known as the Save Our Springs (SOS), was passed by voters in 1992. There is considerable opposition to the SOS ordinance, however. Opponents predicted that the ordinance in Austin would curtail economic development by burdening businesses wanting to develop within the watershed and recharge zones. They argued instead that limits on development should be linked to technical pollution-control equipment and to the actual pollution caused by development, not to the amount of impervious cover. The SOS ordinance is currently being challenged in a number of court cases throughout the Austin area. In addition, legislation introduced in the Texas Legislature may abolish the applicability of both the SOS and San Antonio ordinance outside city corporate limits.

59. John Sweeten, Mark McFarland, B.L. Harris, Gary Westmoreland, Charles Baird and Leah Manning, Animal Waste Application, # L-5044 (Temple: Texas State Soil and Water Conservation Board), 1.

60. Texas State Soil and Water Conservation Board, A Comprehensive Study of Texas Watersheds and Their Impacts on Water Quality and Water Quantity (Temple: TSSWCB, 1991), 149.

61. Texas State Soil and Water Conservation Board, A Comprehensive Study of Texas Watersheds and Their Impacts on Water Quality and Water Quantity (Temple: TSSWCB, 1991), 150.

62. Stephen Ligon, Texas Water Commission, "Water Quality Permitting: Stormwater," paper presented at the Environmental Trade Fair, Austin, Texas, April 7, 1993.

63. Arthur Tally, Watershed Management Division, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, interview with Texas Center for Policy Studies, February 1994.

64. Texas Water Commission, State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 11th edition (Austin: TWC, 1992), 26-40.

65. Texas Water Commission, Summary Report: Regional Assessments of Water Quality Pursuant to the Texas Clean Rivers Act (Austin: TWC, December 1992), 12.

66. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, The State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 12th Edition (Austin: TNRCC, 1995), 178.

67. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, The State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 12th Edition (Austin: TNRCC, 1995), 181.

68. Richard Thompson, Director of Shellfish Sanitation Control, Texas Department of Health, interview with Texas Center for Policy Studies, February 1994.

69. Environmental Protection Agency, Lower Rio Grande Valley: Environmental Monitoring Study (Washington, DC: EPA, June1994), 20.

70. Richard Thompson, Director of Shellfish Sanitation Control, Texas Department of Health, interview with Texas Center for Policy Studies, February 1994.

71. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, The State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 12th Edition (Austin: TNRCC, 1995), 173. Segments where whole fish tissue has shown levels of concern for PCBs include the Sabine River above Toledo Bend Reservoir; the Trinity River below Lake Livingston; Lake Livingston; West Fork Trinity River below Lake Worth; Concho River; the Upper San Antonio River; the Arroyo Colorado above Tidal; the Houston Ship Channel; and the Corpus Christi Inner Harbor.

72. Information from Richard Thompson, Director of Shellfish Sanitation Control, Texas Department of Health, interview with Texas Center for Policy Studies, February 1994; Texas Department of Health, Shellfish Sanitation Control Division, Fish Consumption Advisories and Closures (Austin: TDH, 1992); and Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, The State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 12th Edition (Austin: TNRCC, 1995), 170.

73. Information provided by Planning Division, Texas Water Development Board, "Historical Water Use in Texas."

74. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination Report, 1993 (Austin: Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, 1994), Tables 1 - 5.

75. Information provided by Petroleum Storage Tank Division, Waste Management Division, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, "Reported Petroleum Storage Tank Releases."

76. Information provided by Petroleum Storage Tank Division, Waste Management Division, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, "Reported Petroleum Storage Tank Releases."

77. Tom Lewis, Petroleum Storage Tank Division, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, interview with Texas Center for Policy Studies, February 1994.

78. Tom Lewis, Petroleum Storage Tank Division, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, interview with Texas Center for Policy Studies, February 1994.

79. Texas Department of Water Resources. Underground Injection Wells in Texas: A Classification and Assessment of Underground Injection Facilities (Austin: TDWR, 1984), 1-1.

80. Information provided by Industrial and Hazardous Waste, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, "Class I Injection Well Permits."

81. TexasWater Commission, Trends in Hazardous Waste Management, 1991 (Austin: TWC, 1992), Table 1, Table 4.

82. Information provided by Environmental Service Division, Railroad Commission of Texas, "Status of All Permitted Injection/Disposal Well As of 03/03/94."

83. Richard Ginn, Environmental Services, Railroad Commission of Texas, interview by Texas Center for Policy Studies, February 1994.

84. For example, over the 1970s, Hidalgo County shifted 20 square miles of rural citrus lands to urban use. Charles Ellard and J. Michael Patrick, "Changing Land Use Patterns in the Lower Rio Grande Valley: A Case Study of Cameron and Hidalgo Counties," Journal of Borderland Studies, Vol. III (No. 2): 57.

85. Texas Water Commission, Groundwater Quality of Texas: An Overview of Natural and Man-Affected Conditions. Report 89-01 (Austin: TWC, March 1989), 161-165.

86. Texas Water Development Board, Water for Texas 1990 (Austin: TWDB,1990), 1-9.

87. Texas Water Commission, Ground-Water Quality of Texas: An Overview of Natural and Man-Affected Conditions (Austin: TWC, March 1989), 113.

88. Steve Wiley, Water Well Drillers Board, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, interview with Texas Center for Policy Studies, March 1994.

89. Texas Water Commission, Ground-Water Quality of Texas: An Overview of Natural and Man-Affected Conditions (Austin: TWC, March 1989), 113.

90. Texas Water Development Board, Water for Texas 1990 (Austin: TWDB,1990), 1-9.

91. Robert Bryce, "More Precious Than Oil," Texas Monthly (February 1991), 108.

92. Information provided by Environmental Services Division, Railroad Commission of Texas, "Oil Well Counts by County" (Austin: Railroad Commission of Texas).

93. Richard Ginn, Environmental Services Division, Railroad Commission of Texas, letter to Texas Center for Policy Studies, May 4, 1994.

94. Bryce, "More Precious Than Oil," Texas Monthly (February 1991), 109.

95. State Bar of Texas Environmental Law Journal, Vol. 25 (1994): 65-66.

96. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination Report - 1993 (Austin: Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, 1994), 55.

97. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination Report - 1993 (Austin: Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, 1994), 55.

98. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination Report - 1993 (Austin: Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, 1994), 32.

99. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Joint Groundwater Monitoring and Contamination Report - 1993 (Austin: Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, 1994), 86.

100. Texas Groundwater Protection Committee, Texas Groundwater Protection Strategy (Austin: Texas Water Commission, January 1988), 49.

101. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Committee. The State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 12th Edition (Austin: TNRCC, 1995); and Texas Water Commission, "Wellhead Protection Program," (Austin: TWC, Internal Memo, 1992), 1.

102. Anthony Bennett, Water Utilities Division, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, interview with Texas Center for Policy Studies, March 1994.

103. Environmental Protection Agency, Is Your Drinking Water Safe? (Washington, DC: EPA, 1991), 6.

104. World Resources Institute, The 1994 Information Please Environmental Almanac (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co, 1993), 69.

105. Anthony Bennett, Water Utilities Division, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, interview with Texas Center for Policy Studies, March 1994.

106. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, The Texas Environment (Spring 1994), 10.

107. Anthony Bennett, Water Utilities Division, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, interview with Texas Center for Policy Studies, March 1994.

108. Groundwater Protection Committee, Groundwater Protection Strategy (Austin: Texas Water Commission , January 1988), 57.

109. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Estuaries of the United States: Vital Statistics of a Natural Resource Base (Dockville, MD: Strategic Assessment Branch, Ocean Assessments Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1990).

110. Randy Lee Loftus, "Texas Beaches Draw Big Pollution and Big Profits," The Dallas Morning News, November 24, 1991, 13.

111. The Dallas Morning News, 1994-1995 Texas Almanac, (Dallas: Dallas Morning News, 1993), 118.

112. Texas General Land Office. EnviroNomics, Winter 1993 (Vol, 2, No 3): 1.

113. Texas General Land Office, Texas Coastal Management Program, (Austin: GLO, December 1993), 11-51.

114. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 12th Edition, (Austin: TNRCC, 1985), 168.

115. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 12th Edition (Austin: TNRCC, 1985), 148.

116. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 12th Edition (Austin: TNRCC, 1985), 175.

117. Texas Water Commission, State of Texas Water Quality Inventory, 11th Edition (Austin: TWC, 1992), 21.

118. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, International Boundary and Water Commission Sanitation Issues (Fort Worth: U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, September 1992), 5.

119. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, International Boundary and Water Commission Sanitation Issues (Fort Worth: U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, September 1992), 5.

120. Galveston National Estuary Program, Characterization of Non-Point Sources and Loadings to Galveston Bay (Houston: Galveston Bay National Estuary Program, March 1992), 53; and The Galveston Bay Plan: The Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan for the Galveston Bay Estuary (Houston: Galveston Bay National Estuary Program, 1994), xiii.

121. For a full discussion of the new and existing initiatives outlined in the Galveston Bay Program, see Galveston Bay National Estuary Program, The Galveston Bay Plan: The Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan for the Galveston Bay Estuary (Houston: Galveston Bay National Estuary Program, 1994).

122. Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts, Forces of Change, Vol. 2 (Austin: Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts, November 1993), 421.

123. Texas General Land Office, Texas Coastal Management Program (Austin: GLO, November 1993), II-2.

124. Galveston Bay National Estuary Program, The State of the Bay: A Characterization of the Galveston Bay Ecosystem GBNEP-44 (Houston: GBNEP, 1994), 232.

125. Millicent Quammen and Christopher Onuf, "Laguna Madre: Seagrass Change Continue Decades After Salinity Reduction," in Estuaries, Vol. 16, pp. 302-310.

126. Information prepared by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, "404 Permits in 1993."

127. Texas General Land Office, EnviroNomics (Vol. 2, No. 3, Winter 1993), 4-5.

128. Texas General Land Office, EnviroNomics (Vol. 2, No. 3, Winter 1993), 3.

129. Texas General Land Office, EnviroNomics (Vol. 2, No. 3, Winter 1993), 3.

130. Texas General Land Office, EnviroNomics (Vol. 2, No. 3, Winter 1993), 3.

131. Oil and Gas Journal, July 23, 1993.

Texas Environmental Almanac, Chapter 2, Water Quality, NOTES

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