Texas Environmental Almanac, Chapter 4, Wildlife, NOTES

NOTES

1. Katheryn Kohn, ed., Balancing on the Brink of Extinction (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1991 for the Defenders of Wildlife), 10.

2. Reed Noss, "From Endangered Species to Biodiversity." Balancing on the Brink of Extinction, ed. Kathryn Kohn (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1991), 227-230.

3. Endangered Species Act of 1973 16 U.S.C.A. 1531 to 1544.

4. Though the species themselves can be protected by restricting uses of both private and public lands, there has been judicial dispute over whether Congress intended for the term "taking" to include destruction or alteration of habitat on which species depend. In the Endangered Species Act's declaration of purpose, however, it states that the Act is "to provide a means whereby the ecosystems upon which endangered species and threatened species depend may be conserved...."

5. United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services, Southwest Region, "Critical Habitat," (Austin: Fish and Wildlife Service, n.d.).

6. United States Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service,Ecological Services, "Critical Habitat" (Austin: Fish and Wildlife Service, n.d.).

7. The Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution guarantees that private property shall not "be taken for public use, without just compensation."

8. Ted Lee Eubanks, "We all hold a stake in the Warbler's fate," Austin American-Statesman, September 19, 1994, A9.
   Note: Mr. Eubanks is a past president of both the Houston Audubon Society and the Texas Ornithological Society.

9. Wendy Hudson, ed., Building Economic Incentives into Endangered Species Act: A Special Report from the Defenders of Wildlife, (Washington, DC: Defenders of Wildlife December, 1993). This report provides an extensive discussion of the limitations of the Endangered Species Act and offers additional ideas on approaching species and habitat protection.

10. Robin Doughty, Wildlife and Man in Texas (College Station: Texas A&M Press, 1983), 156.

11. Robin Doughty, Wildlife and Man in Texas (College Station: Texas A&M Press, 1983).

12. Ibid.,107.

13. Lee Ann Linam and Dr. Gary Graham, Draft Report on Endangered Species for the Environmental Scorecard Project Land Environmental Issues (Austin: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Resource Protection Division, 1989).

14. Dr. Stephen Klineberg, Texas Environmental Survey,1994. (Houston: Rice University. Department of Sociology).
    Note: The survey sample size was 1,000, with the number of completed interviews exceeding 70 percent. Margin of error was plus or minus approximately 3.5 percent.

15. "Nature Conservancy" September 10, 1994 as cited in Greenwire, Tuesday, August 16, 1994. The poll commissioned by the Nature Conservancy interviewed 800 Americans. The Newton, Massachusetts-based firm KRC Communications conducted the study.

16. World Resources Institute, The 1994 Information Please Environmental Almanac (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1994), 348.

17. Ibid.

18. Lee Ann Linam, Biologist, Resource Protection Division, Texas Parks and Wildlife, interview by Texas Center for Policy Studies, March 1994.

19. "Race for Survival," Dallas Morning News, November, 24 1991.

20. Robin Doughty, Wildlife and Man.

21. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Resource Protection Division, "Texas Parks and Wildlife Department Texas Natural Heritage Program Special Species/Element List, May 1993."

22. Max Oelschlaeger, "The Environment," Building the New Texas (Austin: Texas Committee for the Humanities, Building the New Texas, 1993), 15.

23. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Resource Protection Division, Endangered Species Conservation in Texas (Austin: TPWD, Resource Protection Division, n.d.).

24. David Sager, Chief, Environmental Quality Branch, Resource Protection Division, Texas Parks and Wildlife, letter to Texas Center for Policy Studies dated September 6, 1994.

25. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Resource Protection Division, Endangered Resources Annual Status Report (Austin: TPWD, January 1991).

26. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Resource Protection Division, Endangered Species Conservation in Texas (Austin: TPWD, n.d.).

27. Salvador Contreras-B. M. Lourdes Lozano-V., "Water, Endangered Fishes, and Development Perspectives in Arid Lands of Mexico," Conservation Biology, Vol. 8, No. 2. June 1994.

28. Roy G. Frye and David Curtis, Texas Water and Wildlife: An Assessment of Direct Impacts of Wildlife Habitat from Future Water Development Projects (Austin: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. Wildlife Division, May 1990), 7.

29. This is the definition that has been in use since the 1970s for regulatory purposes by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Environmental Protection Agency.

30. Dr. Larry McKinney, Resource Protection Division (Austin: Texas Parks and Wildlife, Resource Protection Division, undated document provided to the Texas Center for Policy Studies in 1994)
    Note: Wetlands mitigation is being used as a means of meeting the goal of no net loss of wetlands. The Texas General Land Office and the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department require mitigation for adverse impacts on wetlands, but only the TPWD has a statutory requirement for mitigation. The National Environmental Policy Act regulations define mitigation as: 1) avoiding adverse impacts by not taking an action; 2) minimizing impacts by limiting the degree of action; 3) rectifying an impact by repairing, rehabilitation, or restoring the affected environment; 4) reducing or eliminating impacts over time through preservation and maintenance activities; 5) compensating for an impact by replacing or providing substitute resources or environments. Source: Texas General Land Office, Texas Coastal Management Plan, Public Comment Document, March 1994.

31. Dr. Larry McKinney, Memorandum titled State Wetlands Conservation Plan (Austin: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Resource Protection Division, October 7,1993).

32. Carl D.Fentress, "Wildlife of Bottomlands: Species and Status," Bottomland Hardwoods in Texas: Proceedings of an Interagency Workshop on Status and Ecology, Craig A. McMahan and Roy G. Frye, eds., May 6-7, 1986 (Austin: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Wildlife Division, March 1987), 37.

33. Ibid.

34. Roy Frye, "Texas Bottomland Hardwood Forests" Summary Sheet (Austin: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Resource Protection Division, March 11, 1993.).

35. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, The Texas Wetlands Plan: Addendum to the 1985 Texas Outdoor Recreation Plan (Austin: TPWD, May 1988), 7.

36. Roger Lord and William H. McWilliams, Forest Resources of East Texas (Lufkin: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Resource Bulletin SO-136), 29.

37. Dr. Larry McKinney, Memorandum, Statewide Wetlands Conservation Plan (Austin: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, October 7, 1993).

38. Dr. Larry McKinney, Memorandum, Statewide Wetlands Conservation Plan (Austin: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, October 7, 1993).

39. Dallas Morning News, 1994-1995 Texas Almanac (Houston: Gulf Publishing Company, 1994), 100.

40. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Texas Wetlands Plan: Addendum to the 1985 Texas Outdoor Recreation Plan (Austin: Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, May 1988).

41. Darrell Davis, Texas office of the Agriculture and Stabilization Conservation Service, College Station, Texas, interview by Texas Center for Policy Studies on July 6, 1994.

42. Texas General Land Office, Coastal Management Division, "Texas Coastal Management Newsletter" May-June, 1994.

43. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 2, Southwest Regional Land Acquisition Plan Fiscal Year 1996 (Albuquerque, NM, n.d.).

44. For a full discussion and description of these ideas see: Wendy Hudson, ed., Building Economic Incentives into Endangered Species Act: A Special Report from the Defenders of Wildlife (Washington, DC: Defenders of Wildlife, December 1993). Also see National Wildlife Federation, The National Wildlife Federation: Involving Communities in Conservation. Recommendations for a Policy Position Paper on the Endangered Species Act, June 21, 1995.

45. Texas Parks and Wildlife, "Making Tracks for Texas Wildlife," Vol. 4, No. 2 (Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Winter 1994), 5.

Texas Environmental Almanac, Chapter 4, Wildlife, NOTES

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