Texas Environmental Almanac, Chapter 6, Air Quality, Notes

NOTES

1. A prime example was the accidental release of methyl isocyanate in Bhopal, India at a Union Carbide Chemical plant, killing 2,500 workers and neighbors of the facility, and injuring tens of thousands. See World Resources Institute, The 1994 Information Please Environmental Almanac (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1994), 112.

2. Joseph Petulla, American Environmental History (Columbus, OH: Mifflin Publishing Company, 1988), 418.

3. Joseph Petulla, American Environmental History (Columbus, OH: Mifflin Publishing Company, 1988), 418.

4. James Cannon, American Lung Association, The Health Costs of Air Pollution: A Survey of Studies, 1978 - 1983 (Washington, DC: ALA, 1985), 11.

5. See for example C. Arden Pope III, Micheal Thun, Mohan Namboodiri, Douglas Dockery, John Evans, Frank Speizer and Clark Heath, Jr., "Particulate Air Pollution as a Predictor of Mortality in a Prospective Study of U.S. Adults," American Journal of Respiratory Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 151 (1995): 669 - 674.

6. Joseph Petulla, American Environmental History (Columbus, OH: Mifflin Publishing Company, 1988), 419.

7. Joseph Petulla, American Environmental History (Columbus, OH: Mifflin Publishing Company, 1988), 420.

8. World Resources Institute, The 1994 Information Please Environmental Almanac (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1994), 112.

9. Robert D. Bullard, Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class and Environmental Quality (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1990), 63.

10. Environmental Protection Agency, The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act (Washington, DC: EPA, April 1993), 25.

11. World Resources Institute, The 1992 Information Please Environmental Almanac (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1992), 152.

12. Environmental Protection Agency, The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act, (Washington, DC: EPA, April 1993), 17.

13. Environmental Protection Agency, The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act, (Washington, DC: EPA, April 1993), 11.

14. Jim Dodds, Air Quality Division, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, interview with Texas Center for Policy Studies, April 1994.

15. World Resources Institute, The 1994 Information Please Environmental Almanac (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1994), 105.

16. Energy Information Administration, Annual Outlook for U.S. Electric Power 1991: Projections Through 2010 (Washington, DC: U.S. Governmental Printing Office, July 1991), 32.

17. World Resources Institute, The 1994 Information Please Environmental Almanac (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1994), 106.

18. Environmental Protection Agency, The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act (Washington, DC: EPA, April 1993), 5.

19. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, Revisions to the State Implementation Plan for the Control of Ozone Air Pollution, (Austin: TNRCC, May 13, 1994), 25.

20. American Lung Association, Outdoor Air Pollution Fact Sheet: Ozone Air Pollution (New York: ALA, November 1993).

21. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Air Pollution Impact on Southern Forests: Short Leaf Pines on Coastal Plain Soils (Washington, DC: DOA, n.d.), 7.

22. Environmental Protection Agency, The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act (Washington, DC: EPA, April 1993), 2.

23. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Summary: Controlling Sulfur Oxides (Washington, DC: EPA, August 1980), 2.

24. American Lung Association, Breath in Danger II: Estimation of Populations-At-Risk of Adverse Health Consequences in Areas Not in Attainment With National Ambient Air Quality Standards of the Clean Air Act (New York: ALA, 1993), 2.

25. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, Air Monitoring Report 1991, (Austin: TNRCC, March 1994), 18.

26. Texas Air Control Board, Texas Air Control Board Fact Sheet:Ambient Air Quality in the Houston/Galveston Metropolitan Area (Austin: TACB, 1993).

27. American Lung Association, Facts about Air Pollution and Your Health (Washington, DC: ALA, 1992), 2.

28. William Gill, Emissions Inventory Director, Air Quality Division, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, interview with Texas Center for Policy Studies, April 1994.

29. Environmental Protection Agency, National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1990 (Washington, DC: EPA, 1990).

30. Information obtained from Environmental Protection Agency computer database AIRS EXEC.

31. James Cannon, American Lung Association, The Health Costs of Air Pollution: A Survey of Studies Publishes 1984 - 1989 (New York: ALA, 1990), 32.

32. For a good overview of studies which found an association between air pollution due to high concentrations of particulate matter and mortality due to lung cancer and cardiopulmonary disease, see Douglas Dockery, et al., "An Association Between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six US Cities," The New England Journal of Medicine Vol 329 (24): 1753 - 1759.

33. Paul Cotton, "'Best Data Yet' Say Air Pollution Kills Below Levels Currently Considered Safe," Journal of the American Medical Association Vol. 269 (24): 3087. The article refers to the Harvard Six Cities Study, designed by Dr. C. Arden Pope, III.

34. Information provided by the Office of Air Quality, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission.

35. Environmental Protection Agency, National Air Quality and Emissions Trends Report, 1991 (Washington, DC: EPA, 1992).

36. James Cannon, American Lung Association, The Health Costs of Air Pollution: A Survey of Studies Published 1984 - 1989 (New York: ALA, 1990), 33.

37. For a good source on the costs of lead air pollution, see the Environmental Protection Agency, Costs and Benefits of Reducing Lead in Gasoline (Washington, DC: EPA, February 1985).

38. Texas Air Control Board, Texas Air Control Board Fact Sheet: Ambient Air Quality in the Dallas/Fort Worth Metropolitan Area (Austin: TACB, 1993), 2.

39. Texas Air Control Board, Air Quality in Texas: 1992 and Beyond (Austin: TACB, 1993), 12.

40. Information for this section was provided by the Office of Air Quality, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission.

41. Texas Air Control Board, Air Quality in Texas: 1992 and Beyond (Austin: TACB, 1993), 17.

42. Pam Reed, "Clean Air Act Can Benefit Cities," Austin American Statesman, March 17, 1994.

43. Texas Air Control Board, Air Quality in Texas: 1992 and Beyond (Austin: TACB, 1993), 14.

44. Kirk Watson and Peter Emerson, "Border Towns Need Air Pollution Program," Austin American-Statesman, July 14, 1993: A18. The Environmental Defense Fund, a national environmental group, has been cooperating with a binational consortium of business leaders, regulators, scientist and elected officials to create an International Air Quality Management District.

45. Becky Kirka, Office of Pollution Prevention and Recycling, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, interview with Texas Center for Policy Studies, February 1995.

46. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992 Toxics Release Inventory (Washington, DC: EPA, April 1994), Table 1-5.

47. Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts, Forces of Change: Shaping the Future of Texas, Volume II, Part 2, 24.

48. Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect, Interim Report of the Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect (Austin: Joint Select Committee, June 1991), 14.

49. For information on what the 189 toxics are, as well as the sources which will be regulated, see Amendments to the 1990 Clean Air Act, Title III, Section 112.

50. Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect, Interim Report of the Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect (Austin: Joint Select Committee, June 1991), 19.

51. Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect, Interim Report of the Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect (Austin: Joint Select Committee, June 1991), 19.

52. Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect, Interim Report of the Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect (Austin: Joint Select Committee, June 1991), 25.

53. Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect, Interim Report of the Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect (Austin: Joint Select Committee, June 1991), 25.

54. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, Air Quality Assessment Program: Community Air Toxics Monitoring Program Report, October 1992 - September 1993 (Austin: TNRCC, May 1994), 1.

55. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, Air Quality Assessment Program: Community Air Toxics Monitoring Program Report, October 1992 - September 1993 (Austin: TNRCC, May 1994), 2.

56. Information provided by Office of Air Quality, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission.

57. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, Air Quality Assessment Program: Community Air Toxics Monitoring Program Report, October 1992 - September 1993 (Austin: TNRCC, May 1994), 33.

58. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, Air Quality Assessment Program: Community Air Toxics Monitoring Program Report, October 1992 - September 1993 (Austin: TNRCC, May 1994), 33.

59. Texas Air Control Board, Special Purpose Ambient Air Monitoring, (Austin: TACB, August 1993), 23.

60. Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect, Interim Report of the Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect (Austin: Joint Select Committee, June 1991), 61.

61. World Resources Institute, The 1992 Information Please Environmental Almanac (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1992), 274.

62. World Resources Institute, The 1992 Information Please Environmental Almanac (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1992), 275.

63. Ric Jensen, "Are Things Warming Up?: How Climactic Changes Could Affect Texas," Texas Water Resources Vol. 15 (Spring 1989).

64. Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect, Interim Report of the Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect (Austin: Joint Select Committee, June 1991), 57.

65. Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect, Interim Report of the Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect (Austin: Joint Select Committee, June 1991), 68.

66. Bob Hall and Mary Lee Kerr, 1991-1992 Green Index: A State-by-State Guide to the Nation's Environmental Health (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1991), 21.

67. Natural Resources Defense Council, The Statehouse Effect: State Policies to Control the Greenhouse Effect (New York: NRDC, 1990).

68. World Resources Institute, The 1994 Information Please Environmental Almanac, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1994), 334.

69. World Resources Institute, The 1994 Information Please Environmental Almanac, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1994), 334.

70. Environmental Protection Agency, The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act (Washington, DC: EPA, April 1993), 16.

71. Texas Department of Health, Implications on Public Health of Elimination of the Texas Department of Health's Indoor Air Quality Branch (Austin: TDH, November 25, 1992).

72. Environmental Protection Agency, Report to Congress on Indoor Air Quality, Volume II (Washington, DC: EPA, August 1989), 5-4.

73. Environmental Protection Agency, The Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality (Washington, DC: EPA, September 1988), 11.

74. Environmental Protection Agency, Setting Priorities for Strategies for Environmental Protection (Washington, DC: EPA, 1990), 14. The other three human health risks problems identified by the Science Advisory Board were ambient air pollutants like ozone, particulate matter, and lead; exposure of employees to chemicals in industry and agricultural work; and pollutants in drinking water. The Science Advisory Board only considered those problems addressed by a 1987 EPA report entitled Unfinished Business: A Comparative Assessment of Environmental Problems.

75. Environmental Protection Agency, The Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality (Washington, DC: EPA, September 1988), 11.

76. Texas Department of Health, The Texas Indoor Radon Survey, 1992 (Austin: TDH, April 20, 1992), 20.

77. Environmental Protection Agency, The Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality (Washington, DC: EPA, September 1988), 13.

78. Environmental Protection Agency, Report to Congress on Indoor Air Quality, Volume II (Washington, DC: EPA, August 1989), 5-11.

79. Environmental Protection Agency, Data for Proposed Lead State Grant Allocation Formula, (Washington, DC: EPA, December 17, 1993).

80. Environmental Protection Agency, The Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality (Washington, DC: EPA, September 1988), 22.

81. Environmental Protection Agency, The Inside Story: A Guide to Indoor Air Quality (Washington, DC: EPA, September 1988), 24.

82. Environmental Protection Agency, The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act (Washington, DC: EPA, April 1993), 9.

83. Environmental Protection Agency, The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act (Washington, DC: EPA, April 1993), 9.

84. Environmental Protection Agency, The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act (Washington, DC: EPA, April 1993), 9.

85. Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect, Interim Report of the Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect (Austin: Joint Select Committee, June 1991), 13.

86. Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect, Interim Report of the Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect (Austin: Joint Select Committee, June 1991), 13.

87. Texas General Land Office, EnviroNomics, Vol. 1, Number 1 (Spring 1992), 1.

88. Environmental Protection Agency, The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act, (Washington, DC: EPA, April 1993), 12-13.

89. Environmental Protection Agency, The Plain English Guide to the Clean Air Act, (Washington, DC: EPA, April 1993), 12.

90. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, Questions and Answers About the Texas Alternative Fuel Fleet Program (Austin: Texas Alternative Fuel Fleet Program, August 1994).

91. Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts, Fiscal Notes, February 1994, 3.

92. Hall and Kerr, 1991-1992 Green Index: A State-by-State Guide to the Nation's Environmental Health (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1991), 21.

93. Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts, Fiscal Notes, February 1994, 1.

94. Texas General Land Office, The Texas Plan for Clean Air (Austin: TGLO, August 1993), 2.

95. Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts, "Feeding the Blue Flame," Fiscal Notes, September 1994, p. 4.

96. Information provided by Alternative Fuels and Education, Railroad Commission of Texas, Alternative Fuels Division.

97. Texas General Land Office, Putting Together the Pieces: The Recapitalization of the Texas Economy, (Austin: TGLO, January 1989), 25.

98. Information Provided by Petroleum Storage Tank Division, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, "Reported Underground Storage Tank Leaks, 1993."

99. Texas Department of Commerce, Texas in the Global Economy: A Profile of the Automotive Parts Industry, (Austin: TDOC April 1994), 1-11.

100. Texas General Land Office, The Texas Plan for Clean Air (Austin: TGLO, 1994), 7.

101. Railroad Commission of Texas. 1992 Oil and Gas Refinery Reports (Austin: RCT, 1992).

102. Dan Kelly, Alternative Fuels Division, Railroad Commission of Texas, interview with Texas Center for Policy Studies, April 1994.

103. Information provided by Texas General Land Office and Railroad Commission of Texas, State of Texas Energy Policy Partnership, Volume 2, 9.

104. Railroad Commission of Texas, State of Texas Energy Policy Partnership, Volume 2, 9.

105. Texas General Land Office, Texas Plan for Clean Air (Austin: GLO, August 1993), 5.

106. Dan Kelly, Alternative Fuels Division, Railroad Commission of Texas, interview with Texas Center for Policy Studies, April 1994.

107. Information prepared by the Motor Fuel Tax Section, Texas Comptroller of Public Accounts.

108. Information prepared by Alternative Fuels Research and Education Division, Railroad Commission of Texas.

109. Information from 1993 Emissions Inventory, Texas Air Control Board.

110. Information from 1993 Emissions Inventory, Texas Air Control Board.

111. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992 Toxics Release Inventory: Public Data Release (Washington, DC: EPA, April 1994), Table 1-5.

112. Information from Toxics Release Inventory Program, Office of Pollution Prevention and Recycling, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission.

113. In the period, there were 3,405 violations of Rule 116.5. Information from Texas Air Control Board, Texas Air Control Board Violation Detail Report (TACB, August 11, 1992).

114. Information from the Point Source Data Base, Office of Air Quality, Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission.

115. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, Texas Near Non-Attainment Areas: Technical Background (Austin: TNRCC, 1994).

116. Benjamin Goldman, The Truth About Where You Live: An Atlas for Action on Toxins and Mortality (New York: Random House, 1991), 177.

117. Of the top 15 toxic chemicals released to the air in 1992 in Texas, the EPA had only established an emission standard for benzene. The Safe Drinking Water Act, on the other hand, has established maximum contaminant levels for public drinking water systems for five of the top 15 chemicals: toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, xylene, benzene and styrene. For a full list of EPA regulated chemicals under the Safe Drinking Water Act, see the chapter on Water Resources.

118. Marianne Brain and Neil Carman, A Study of Upset Incidents in Industries in Texas (Austin: Lone Star Chapter of Sierra Club, August 1992), 2.

119. Marianne Brain and Neil Carman, A Study of Upset Incidents in Industries in Texas (Austin: Lone Star Chapter of Sierra Club, August 1992), 2.

120. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Summary: Controlling Sulfur Dioxides (Washington, DC: EPA, 1980), 2.

121. Railroad Commission of Texas, State of Texas Energy Policy Partnership, Vol. 2, 387.

122. Railroad Commission of Texas, State of Texas Energy Policy Partnership, Vol. 2, 386.

123. Texas General Land Office, "Natural Gas Poised to Boost State Economy," EnviroNomics, Spring 1993, 1.

124. Information from 1993 Emissions Inventory, Texas Air Control Board.

125. Benjamin Goldman, The Truth About Where You Live: An Atlas for Action on Toxins and Mortality (New York: Random House Books, 1991), 183.

126. Texas Air Control Board, Special Purpose Ambient Air Monitoring (Austin: TACB, February 1993), 13.

127. Texas Air Control Board, Final Report of Texas Air Control Board Task Force on Waste-Derived Fuels for Cement Kilns (Austin: TACB, February 1993), 9.

128. Texas Air Control Board, Air Quality in Texas, 1992 (Austin: TACB, 1993), 15. Although the air samples showed PM-10 levels higher than national standards, they were based upon an eight-hour sample, not for 24 hours on which the national standard is based. Also, agricultural sources are not subject to the same nuisance property line regulations as are industrial sources.

129. Texas Air Control Board, Special Purpose Ambient Air Monitoring (Austin: TACB, February 1993), 12.

130. Texas Air Control Board, Special Purpose Ambient Air Monitoring (Austin: TACB, February 1993), 12.These include studies in San Antonio, Garland and in three neighborhoods in Dallas. None of the sampling studies found lead levels above national standards.

131. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, 30 Texas Administrative Code, Chapter 116.117.

132. Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect, Interim Report of the Joint Select Committee on Toxic Air Emissions and Greenhouse Effect (Austin: Joint Select Committee, June 1991), 13.

133. State Small Business Ombudsman, Texas Air Control Board, The Price of Clean Air (Austin: TACB, 1993), 1.

134. State Small Business Ombudsman, Texas Air Control Board, The Price of Clean Air (Austin: TACB, 1993), 1.

135. Marion Moses, "Diseases associated with exposure to chemical substances - pesticides," Maxy - Rosenau Public Health and Preventive Medicine, edited by John Last (East Norwalk, CT: Appleton - Century- Crofts, 1986), as cited in Benjamin Goldman, The Truth About Where You Live: An Atlas for Action on Toxins and Mortality (New York: Random House Books, 1991), 233.

136. John Sweeten, Texas Agricultural Extension Service, Cattle Feedlot Waste Management Practices for Water and Air Pollution, # B-1671 (College Station: Texas A & M University System), 11-14.

137. Texas Institute for Applied Environmental Research, Tarleton State University, Interim Report to the Joint Interim Committee on the Environment, 72nd Texas Legislature (Stephenville: Tarleton State University, September 1992), 65.

Texas Environmental Almanac, Chapter 6, Air Quality, NOTES

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